Sec. (2) shall by reference be made a part of any contract that is entered into by a school district in this state for the transportation of schoolchildren on a privately owned school bus. (b) A mounted height requirement imposed by this chapter for a lamp or device is measured as if the vehicle were unloaded and on level ground and is measured from the center of the lamp or device to the ground. (a) A vehicle shall display each lighted lamp and illuminating device required by this chapter to be on the vehicle: (2) when light is insufficient or atmospheric conditions are unfavorable so that a person or vehicle on the highway is not clearly discernible at a distance of 1,000 feet ahead. 2.11, eff. 6, eff. 547.401. (2) does not install a label that complies with Section 547.609 between the transparent material and the windshield or side or rear window of the vehicle, as applicable. (2) a lamp, including an auxiliary lamp or spotlamp, that projects a beam with an intensity brighter than 300 candlepower. 2.10, eff. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR BRAKES. This subsection does not apply to an operation in which a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer is transported as a commodity when at least one set of the vehicle's wheels is on the roadway. (a) Unless sufficient light exists to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of 1,000 feet, the operator of a vehicle described by Section 547.503(b) or an explosive cargo vehicle shall display warning devices that comply with the requirements of Section 547.502: (1) when lighted lamps are required; and. (b) An auxiliary passing lamp shall be mounted on the front of the vehicle at a height from 24 to 42 inches. 165, Sec. Brake lights: Clear, unobtrusive lenses are legal. JUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT. WINDSHIELD WIPERS REQUIRED. 1116), Sec. 160), Sec. September 1, 2019. (B) higher than 42 inches above the ground at a distance of 75 feet ahead. 3, eff. (a) A vehicle may be equipped with lamps to warn other vehicle operators of a vehicular traffic hazard that requires unusual care in approaching, overtaking, or passing. (3) at the traffic side approximately 10 feet from the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic. (b) A clearance lamp, identification lamp, side marker lamp, or reflector mounted on the rear or the side near the rear of the vehicle must be or reflect red. (d) The department may determine that a window that has a sunscreening device is exempt under Subsection (b)(2) if the light transmission or luminous reflectance varies by no more than three percent from the standard established in that subsection. (2) single-beam lighting equipment that: (A) emits light sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle: (i) at a distance of at least 100 feet when the moped or motorcycle is operated at a speed less than 25 miles per hour; (ii) at a distance of at least 200 feet when the moped or motorcycle is operated at a speed of 25 miles per hour or more; and, (iii) at a distance of at least 300 feet when the moped or motorcycle is operated at a speed of 35 miles per hour or more; and. 1136 (H.B. (5) "Multipurpose vehicle" means a motor vehicle that is: (A) designed to carry 10 or fewer persons; and. (b) A passenger car manufactured or assembled before the model year 1960 shall be equipped with at least one stoplamp. (c) The owner or operator of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine, of a model year after 1967, that is equipped with an exhaust emission system: (1) shall maintain the system in good working condition; (2) shall use the system when the motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine is operated; and. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. September 1, 2011. 165, Sec. (2) lighted only when the uppermost distribution of light is in use. (2) at the same level and spaced as widely apart as practicable if a vehicle is equipped with more than one lamp. 2810), Sec. 259 (H.B. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. June 14, 2019. No motor vehicle operated pursuant to section seven other than fire apparatus, ambulances, vehicles specified in subsection (b) of section 50 of chapter 33, school buses, Vehicles that are equipped from the manufacturer with approved lenses which are clear and lighted by red L.E.D. May 22, 2015. The Governor's Committee on People with Disabilities. (3) a trailer, semitrailer, or pole trailer with a gross weight heavier than 4,500 pounds but not heavier than 15,000 pounds drawn at a speed of more than 30 miles per hour, if the brakes operate on both wheels of the rear axle. 269 (H.B. September 1, 2009. (e) If vehicles are traveling in combination, only the taillamps on the rearmost vehicle are required to emit a light for the distance specified in Subsection (d). 882 (H.B. 3646), Sec. September 1, 2007. September 1, 2009. Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. (16) a commercial motor vehicle as defined by Section 644.001. 1136 (H.B. In terms of taillights, all vehicles in Texas must also have at least two brake lights that emit a red or yellow light. Sec. 61), Sec. 11 (H.B. 1923), Sec. (e) Repealed by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. (a) A motorcycle or a moped shall be equipped with: (1) not more than two headlamps mounted at a height from 24 to 54 inches; (2) at least one taillamp mounted at a height from 20 to 72 inches; (3) a taillamp or separate lamp to illuminate the rear license plate that complies with the requirements of Sections 547.322(f) and (g); (4) at least one stoplamp that complies with the requirements of Section 547.323(d); and. (B) is aimed so that no part of the high-intensity portion of the beam on the motorcycle that is on a straight and level road under any condition of loading projects into the eyes of an approaching vehicle operator. FOG LAMPS PERMITTED. WebSTOPLAMPS REQUIRED. (d) A taillamp shall emit a red light plainly visible at a distance of 1,000 feet from the rear of the vehicle. For clear taillight lenses to be legal, they must consist of the following components: All motor vehicles are required to have functioning stop lamp(s), as applicable to the number of stop lamp(s) equipped on the vehicle at the time the vehicle was originally manufactured. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. (C) is entitled to possession of a motor vehicle as a lessee under a written lease agreement if the agreement is for a period of not less than three months. (3) deliver written notice at the time of purchase notifying the consumer of each imperfection and the possible result of using imperfect glass. (a) A vehicle transporting a load that extends to the rear at least four feet beyond the bed or body of the vehicle shall display on the extreme end of the load at the times specified in Section 547.302(a): (1) two red lamps visible at a distance of at least 500 feet from the rear; (2) two red reflectors that indicate the maximum width and are visible at nighttime at all distances from 100 to 600 feet from the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of headlamps; and. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. (5) a tow truck with a mounted light bar which has turn signals and stop lamps in addition to those required by Sections 547.322, 547.323, and 547.324, Transportation Code. Sec. ADDITIONAL LIGHTING EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS. MIRRORS REQUIRED. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. (a-1) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly: (1) installs or purports to install an airbag in a vehicle; and. (c) A person may not operate a motor vehicle equipped with a red, white, or blue beacon, flashing, or alternating light unless the equipment is: (1) used as specifically authorized by this chapter; or. 11 (H.B. Weba tow truck with a mounted light bar which has turn signals and stop lamps in addition to those required by Sections 547.322, 547.323 and 547.324, Transportation Code. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1918), Sec. (2) may not carry in the vehicle a flare, fusee, or signal produced by flame. (d) The department may not adopt a vehicle equipment standard inconsistent with a standard provided by this chapter. (b) If a standard of an agency of the United States or of the department is not prescribed, the department by rule may require departmental approval before the sale of the item. An attached illuminated device or sticker, decal, emblem, or other insignia that is not authorized by law and that interferes with the readability of the letters or numbers on the plate or the name of the state in which the vehicle is registered. Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with at least two tail lamps, unless vehicle was manufactured prior to 1960, in which case your vehicle is required to be equipped with one (1) tail lamp mounted on the rear which, when illuminated, shall emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of 1,000 feet to the rear. Two red brake lights are required on the rear of the unit to indicate brake activation. DISPLAY OF DEVICES WHEN LIGHTED LAMPS ARE NOT REQUIRED. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. (a) In lieu of the multiple-beam lighting equipment required by Section 547.333, a headlamp system that provides a single distribution of light and meets the requirements of Subsection (b) is permitted for: (2) a motor vehicle manufactured and sold before September 4, 1948. (A) are mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable; (B) display four alternately flashing red lights, two located on the front at the same level and two located on the rear at the same level; and. 547.802. Without checking Texas Motor Vehicle Laws, I'll tell you this. (a) In this section, "radar interference device" means a device, a mechanism, an instrument, or equipment that is designed, manufactured, used, or intended to be used to interfere with, scramble, disrupt, or otherwise cause to malfunction a radar or laser device used to measure the speed of a motor vehicle by a law enforcement agency of this state or a political subdivision of this state, including a "radar jamming device," "jammer," "scrambler," or "diffuser." (2) comply with the performance requirements of this chapter. Sec. (c) After entering its order, the department shall send written notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person the department notified under Section 547.205. 547.617. (b) This section also applies to an animal-drawn vehicle and a vehicle exempted from this chapter by Section 547.002. SUBCHAPTER D. GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS. Sept. 1, 1995. 547.329. (F) transmits information concerning the accident to a central communications system when the accident occurs. (a) A clearance lamp, identification lamp, side marker lamp, or reflector mounted on the front, on the side near the front, or in the center of the vehicle must be or reflect amber. 20.021, eff. (A) a motor vehicle designed to operate at a maximum speed of 25 miles per hour or less, not including an electric personal assistive mobility device, as defined by Section 551.201; or. Sept. 1, 1995. (6) "Safety glazing material" includes only a glazing material that is constructed, treated, or combined with another material to reduce substantially, as compared to ordinary sheet or plate glass, the likelihood of injury to persons by an external object or by cracked or broken glazing material. (e) A flare, fusee, electric lantern, portable reflector, or warning flag must be a type approved by the department. SCHOOL BUS EQUIPMENT STANDARDS. Sec. (b) A person who operates an explosive cargo vehicle at nighttime: (1) shall carry in the vehicle three red electric lanterns or three portable red emergency reflectors; and. REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIFUNCTION SCHOOL ACTIVITY BUSES. Sec. (c) A moped or a motorcycle equipped with a motor that has an engine piston displacement of 250 cubic centimeters or less shall be equipped with: (1) multiple-beam lighting equipment that complies with the requirements of Subsection (b); or. (e) In this subsection, "bus" includes a school bus, school activity bus, multifunction school activity bus, or school-chartered bus. 165, Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2019. (2) is mounted so that at least one lamp is installed as near as practicable to the side of the vehicle that is closest to passing traffic. 547.105. (2) aimed so that no part of the high-intensity portion of the beam from a lamp mounted to the left of center on a vehicle projects a beam of light at a distance of 25 feet that is higher than four inches below the level of the center of the lamp. Sept. 1, 1995. Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. TAILLAMPS REQUIRED. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person who operates, outside an urban district or on a divided highway, a truck, bus, or truck-tractor or a motor vehicle towing a house trailer shall carry in the vehicle: (A) at least two red flags at least 12 inches square; and, (B) standards to support the flags; and. (a) The operator of a vehicle described by Section 547.503(b) or an explosive cargo vehicle that is disabled, or stopped for more than 10 minutes, on a roadway outside an urban district or on a roadway of a divided highway when lighted lamps are not required shall display two red flags that comply with Section 547.502. (b) At least one headlamp shall be mounted on each side of the front of the vehicle. (4) causes another person to violate Subsection (a-1) or Subdivision (1), (2), or (3) or assists a person in violating Subsection (a-1) or Subdivision (1), (2), or (3). 547.502. Sec. 368 (S.B. 547.001. Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 1438, Sec. Signal shows white or amber to the front, and, Texas Transportation Code 547.321. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BRAKES. This chapter does not prohibit and the department by rule may not prohibit the use of: (1) equipment required by an agency of the United States; or. 547.616. Section 7E. (a) A motor vehicle shall be equipped with a muffler in good working condition that continually operates to prevent excessive or unusual noise. (a) In this section, "automated motor vehicle" and "automated driving system" have the meanings assigned by Section 545.451. 547.331. 1548), Sec. (5-a) "Road machinery" means a self-propelled vehicle that: (A) was originally and permanently designed as machinery; (B) is not designed or used primarily to transport persons or property; and. 1075, Sec. 882 (H.B. Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 547.603. STOPLAMPS REQUIRED. September 1, 2007. (a) If a motorcycle or a moped complies with the performance requirements of Section 547.408, brakes are not required on the wheel of a sidecar attached to the motorcycle or moped. 1548), Sec. September 1, 2013. 547.612. 547.402. 2.16, eff. (a) When or after an item of vehicle equipment is sold in this state, the department shall determine whether a department standard is prescribed for the item. 9.02, eff. By law, all headlights and tail lights must be DOT compliant to be legal for use on all roads and highways in all 50 states of United States. Every reflector upon any vehicle shall be of such size and characteristics and so mounted as to be visible at night from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet from such vehicle when directly in front of the lawful lower beams of head lamps. (11) "Neighborhood electric vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 551.301. (2) if a person, including an installer or manufacturer, places on or attaches to the windshield or side or rear window of a motor vehicle a transparent material that alters the color or reduces the light transmission. 2837), Sec. REFLECTORS REQUIRED. (d) A motorcycle may not be operated at any time unless at least one headlamp on the motorcycle is illuminated. (b) A truck or truck-tractor that has at least three axles is not required to have brakes on the front wheels, but must have brakes that: (1) operate on the wheels of one steerable axle if the vehicle is equipped with at least two steerable axles; and. September 1, 2019. 896, Sec. 9, eff. HEADLAMPS REQUIRED. 547.327. 547.506. (c) Except as provided by this section, an authorized emergency vehicle shall be equipped with signal lamps that: (1) are mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable; (2) display four alternately flashing red lights, two located on the front at the same level and two located on the rear at the same level; and. Section 571.108; or. Unless specifically prohibited by this chapter, lighting, reflective devices, and associated equipment on a vehicle or motor vehicle must comply with: The current federal standards in 49 C.F.R. SPOTLAMPS PERMITTED. DOT does not test equipment unless they act against those who don't meet standards. USE OF FEDERAL STANDARD. PROVISIONS RELATING TO WARNING DEVICE REQUIREMENTS ON VEHICLES. (2) its gross weight is heavier than 4,500 pounds but not heavier than 15,000 pounds, and it is drawn at a speed of not more than 30 miles per hour. SAFE AIR-CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT REQUIRED; SALE OF NONCOMPLYING VEHICLE. Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. Sept. 1, 1995. (a) Unless expressly provided otherwise, a lighting device or reflector mounted on the rear of a vehicle must be or reflect red. (B) that may be operated only when the bus is stopped to load or unload students. Sec. Sec. Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. (B) is aimed so that no part of the high-intensity portion of the beam from the lamp on a loaded moped or motorcycle projects a beam higher than the level center of the lamp for a distance of 25 feet ahead. VISIBILITY REQUIREMENTS. Side marker: Clear, unobtrusive lenses are legal. Section 7671k(c). (a) Unless expressly stated otherwise, a visibility distance requirement imposed by this chapter for a lamp or device applies when a lighted lamp or device is required and is measured as if the vehicle were unloaded and on a straight, level, unlighted highway under normal atmospheric conditions. (c) An auxiliary passing lamp may be used with headlamps as specified by Section 547.333. 547.7012. (c) The lamps shall display simultaneously flashing lights that emit: Sec. BRAKE RESERVOIR OR RESERVE CAPACITY REQUIRED. 547.005. 2.72, eff. Sec. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 6, eff. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. September 1, 2019. 547.205. (c) A stoplamp shall be mounted on the rear of the vehicle. (d) A trailer, semitrailer, or pole trailer that is equipped with air or vacuum brakes or that has a gross weight heavier than 4,500 pounds shall be equipped with brakes that: (1) operate on all wheels required to have brakes under Section 547.402; and. SAFETY GLAZING MATERIAL REQUIRED. Sept. 1, 2003. 892 (H.B. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), a motor vehicle, Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. (A) that conform to and are placed on the bus in accordance with specifications adopted under Section 34.002, Education Code; and, (B) that are operated under rules adopted by the school district; and, (A) that conform to regulations adopted under Section 34.002, Education Code; and. (a) The department may initiate a proceeding to determine whether an item of vehicle equipment complies with a department standard if the department reasonably believes that the item is being offered or distributed for sale or sold in violation of the standard. September 1, 2009. (3) are placed where a lamp is required by this section. Sec. (2) under the conditions stated in this section. (d) A private vehicle operated by a volunteer firefighter responding to a fire alarm or a medical emergency may, but is not required to, be equipped with signal lamps that comply with the requirements of Subsection (c). Sec. 1, eff. (2) the information is evidence of an offense or constitutes evidence that a particular person committed an offense. SUBCHAPTER E. GENERAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS FOR VEHICLES. 1, eff. New Legislation 87th Legislation; Archived Legislation 86th Legislation; (e) A private vehicle operated by a volunteer firefighter responding to a fire alarm or a medical emergency may be equipped with a signal lamp that is temporarily attached to the vehicle roof and flashes a red light visible at a distance of at least 500 feet in normal sunlight. A vehicle that tows another vehicle as a commodity when at least one set of the towed vehicle's wheels is on the roadway is not required to comply with this requirement unless the brakes on the towing and towed vehicles are designed to be operated by a single control on the towing vehicle. (b) A vehicle may not be equipped with and a person may not use on a vehicle a siren, whistle, or bell unless the vehicle is: (1) a commercial vehicle that is equipped with a theft alarm signal device arranged so that the device cannot be used as an ordinary warning signal; or. 1, eff. Sec. (a) A person commits an offense that is a misdemeanor if the person operates or moves or, as an owner, knowingly permits another to operate or move, a vehicle that: (1) is unsafe so as to endanger a person; (2) is not equipped in a manner that complies with the vehicle equipment standards and requirements established by this chapter; or. A bus operated by or contracted for use by a school district for the transportation of schoolchildren shall be equipped with a three-point seat belt for each passenger, including the operator. September 1, 2013. This really only becomes an issue with some aftermarket lights that are not equipped from the auto manufacturer. Regarding tail lights, all vehicles in Texas are also required to have at least two stop lamps that emit a red or amber glow. These lights must be visible from at least 300 feet to the rear in normal sunlight. (a) A motor vehicle shall be equipped with a horn in good working condition that emits a sound audible under normal conditions at a distance of at least 200 feet. (b) A person commits an offense that is a misdemeanor if the person operates a vehicle equipped with an item of vehicle equipment that the person knows has been determined in a compliance proceeding under Section 547.206 to not comply with a department standard. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. WebTaillamps shall be mounted on the rear of the vehicle: (1) at a height from 15 to 72 inches; and (2) at the same level and spaced as widely apart as practicable if a vehicle is Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. (g) A taillamp, including a separate lamp used to illuminate a rear license plate, must emit a light when a headlamp or auxiliary driving lamp is lighted. 547.301. 547.381. Sec. (B) authorized to operate under license or permit by a local authority; (15) a vehicle that is maintained by a law enforcement agency and used for law enforcement purposes; or. 380, Sec. HAZARD LAMPS PERMITTED. The color, mounting, and visibility requirements in this subchapter apply only to equipment on a vehicle described by Section 547.352. (a) Except as provided by Subchapter F, a motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, or pole trailer shall be equipped with at least two red reflectors on the rear of the vehicle. 30.117(a), eff. 3171), Sec. (c) A trailer or semitrailer that has a gross weight of 15,000 pounds or less may use surge or inertia brake systems to satisfy the requirements of Subsection (a). 323), Sec. (4) enter into cooperative arrangements with other states and interstate agencies to reduce duplication of testing and to facilitate compliance with rules under Subsection (c)(1). 1, eff. To comply with Texas law, you need to turn on your headlights from 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise. (a-2) A person commits an offense if the person: (1) makes or sells a counterfeit airbag to be installed in a motor vehicle; (2) intentionally alters an airbag that is not counterfeit in a manner that causes the airbag to not meet all applicable federal safety regulations for an airbag designed to be installed in a vehicle of a particular make, model, and year; (3) represents to another person that a counterfeit airbag installed in a motor vehicle is not counterfeit; or. (B) a luminous reflectance of 25 percent or less; (2-a) a side window that is to the rear of the vehicle operator; (3) a rear window, if the motor vehicle is equipped with an outside mirror on each side of the vehicle that reflects to the vehicle operator a view of the highway for a distance of at least 200 feet from the rear; (5) an adjustable nontransparent sun visor that is mounted in front of a side window and not attached to the glass; (6) a direction, destination, or termination sign on a passenger common carrier motor vehicle, if the sign does not interfere with the vehicle operator's view of approaching traffic; (9) a luggage rack attached to the rear trunk; (10) a side window that is to the rear of the vehicle operator on a multipurpose vehicle; (11) a window that has a United States, state, or local certificate placed on or attached to it as required by law; (12) a motor vehicle that is not registered in this state; (13) a window that complies with federal standards for window materials, including a factory-tinted or a pretinted window installed by the vehicle manufacturer, or a replacement window meeting the specifications required by the vehicle manufacturer; (A) used regularly to transport passengers for a fee; and. (b) Except for Sections 547.323 and 547.324, a provision of this chapter that requires a vehicle to be equipped with fixed electric lights does not apply to a boat trailer with a gross weight of less than 4,500 pounds if the trailer is not operated at a time or under a condition specified by Section 547.302(a). (a) A vehicle, other than a moped or a motorcycle equipped with a motor that has an engine piston displacement of 250 cubic centimeters or less, shall be equipped with at least one lamp, or a combination of lamps, that: (1) emits a white or amber light visible at a distance of 1,000 feet from the front and a red light visible at a distance of 1,000 feet from the rear; and. (B) its use does not prevent operation of the automatic brakes. (c) If a motor vehicle displaying a slow-moving-vehicle emblem tows machinery, including an implement of husbandry, and the visibility of the emblem is not obstructed, the towed unit is not required to display a slow-moving-vehicle emblem. June 14, 2019. All vehicles require three working stop lamps (brake lights). MINIMUM LIGHTING EQUIPMENT REQUIRED. 547.305. A stop lamp must emit a red or amber light, or any shade of color between red and amber. Sec. (2) test an item of vehicle equipment independently in connection with a proceeding to determine compliance with a department standard. 3190), Sec. September 1, 2017. 547.501. WebTo comply with Texas law, you must flip on your headlights from 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise. SUBCHAPTER C. PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE OFFER, DISTRIBUTION, AND SALE OF VEHICLE EQUIPMENT. Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 547.325. On a motor vehicle that was manufactured before 1959, the taillight or the taillight assembly, if the taillight is combined with another light, may contain a blue or purple insert of not more than one inch in diameter. PARKING BRAKES REQUIRED. 1318, Sec. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. (c) A bus to which this section applies must bear a sign on the rear of the bus stating: "Caution--children may be exiting". Sec. (b) A person may not operate or move a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that has a metal tire in contact with the roadway, unless: (1) the vehicle is a farm wagon or farm trailer that has a gross weight of less than 5,000 pounds; and. The required brake lights consist of the two 1111 (H.B. 11 (H.B. (2) retrieved information may be disclosed only: (A) for the purposes of motor vehicle safety and medical research communities to advance the purposes described in Subsection (c)(3); or. Are not required with the performance requirements of this chapter light, or any shade color. Information is evidence of an offense or constitutes evidence that a particular person committed an offense or constitutes that! Color between red and amber, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch unload students require three working lamps... 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